A combined exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis approach for biogas plant site selection in a developing nation

The increasing demand for environmentally friendly energy has positioned biogas as a viable renewable alternative. However, selecting optimal plant locations remains a significant challenge, particularly in urban industrial areas like Karachi, Pakistan. This study identified 39 sub-factors through a comprehensive literature review, categorized under four key dimensions: economic, environmental, social, and technical. A structured questionnaire was administered to 387 industry professionals and academic experts, including active local participants, ensuring region-specific insights, and the data were analyzed using an integrated Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) approach. EFA reduced the 39 sub-factors into four core constructs, while CFA validated a refined framework comprising 19 statistically significant factors (p < 0.05). These factors were found to positively influence biogas plant site selection. The resulting decision-making framework provides policymakers and energy planners with a robust, data-driven tool for optimizing biogas infrastructure development. The model is also adaptable to other urban industrial regions globally.