Expanding the CYRM-R to include domains of spirituality and religiosity for use with children and youth in Indonesia

This study aimed to develop a tool to assess resilience in children and youth in Indonesia holistically. We used the Indonesian adaptation of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Revised (CYRM-R). We extended it to include domains of spirituality and religiosity, which are important protective factors for young people in Indonesia. Following focus group discussions with Indonesian children and youth, 26 items were developed and tested with students aged 10–18 years (N = 5,504, 63.5% female, 98% Muslim). Exploratory factor analysis produced a two-factor 12-item model. This was then validated together with the CYRM-R using confirmatory factor analysis, which involved invariance tests with sex, age, religion, and school groups. Further analyses confirmed the convergent and incremental validity of the extended measure (correlating and predicting measures of well-being, respectively), and tests of internal consistency also found that each subscale of the extended measure had a high level of reliability. This expanded version of the CYRM-R, which now includes subscales assessing spirituality and religiosity, works well for measuring important protective factors implicated in the resilience of children and youth in Indonesia. We named this expanded measure the “CYRM-R Plus Spirituality and Religiosity”.