TY - JOUR
T1 - Mechanical characterisation of in vivo human skin using a 3D force-sensitive micro-robot and finite element analysis
AU - Flynn, Cormac
AU - Taberner, Andrew
AU - Nielsen, Poul
PY - 2011/2
Y1 - 2011/2
N2 - The complex mechanical properties of skin have been the subject of much study in recent years. Several experimental methods developed to measure the mechanical properties of skin in vivo, such as suction or torsion, are unable to measure skin's anisotropic characteristics. An experiment characterising the mechanical properties of in vivo human skin using a novel force-sensitive micro-robot is presented. The micro-robot applied in-plane deformations to the anterior forearm and the posterior upper arm. The behaviour of the skin in each area is highly nonlinear, anisotropic, and viscoelastic. The response of the upper arm skin is very dependent on the orientation of the arm. A finite element model consisting of an Ogden strain energy function and quasi-linear viscoelasticity was developed to simulate the experiments. An orthogonal initial stress field, representing the in vivo skin tension, was used as an additional model parameter. The model simulated the experiments accurately with an error-of-fit of 17.5% for the anterior lower forearm area, 6.5% for the anterior upper forearm and 9.3% for the posterior upper arm. The maximum in vivo tension in each area determined by the model was 6.2 Nm-1 in the anterior lower forearm, 11.4 Nm-1 in anterior upper forearm and 5.6 Nm -1 in the posterior upper arm. The results also show that a finite element model with a neo-Hookean strain energy function cannot simulate the experiments with the same accuracy.
AB - The complex mechanical properties of skin have been the subject of much study in recent years. Several experimental methods developed to measure the mechanical properties of skin in vivo, such as suction or torsion, are unable to measure skin's anisotropic characteristics. An experiment characterising the mechanical properties of in vivo human skin using a novel force-sensitive micro-robot is presented. The micro-robot applied in-plane deformations to the anterior forearm and the posterior upper arm. The behaviour of the skin in each area is highly nonlinear, anisotropic, and viscoelastic. The response of the upper arm skin is very dependent on the orientation of the arm. A finite element model consisting of an Ogden strain energy function and quasi-linear viscoelasticity was developed to simulate the experiments. An orthogonal initial stress field, representing the in vivo skin tension, was used as an additional model parameter. The model simulated the experiments accurately with an error-of-fit of 17.5% for the anterior lower forearm area, 6.5% for the anterior upper forearm and 9.3% for the posterior upper arm. The maximum in vivo tension in each area determined by the model was 6.2 Nm-1 in the anterior lower forearm, 11.4 Nm-1 in anterior upper forearm and 5.6 Nm -1 in the posterior upper arm. The results also show that a finite element model with a neo-Hookean strain energy function cannot simulate the experiments with the same accuracy.
KW - Anisotropy
KW - Constitutive modelling
KW - Human skin
KW - In vivo tension
KW - Viscoelasticity
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=78650850622&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s10237-010-0216-8
DO - 10.1007/s10237-010-0216-8
M3 - Article
C2 - 20429025
AN - SCOPUS:78650850622
SN - 1617-7959
VL - 10
SP - 27
EP - 38
JO - Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology
JF - Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology
IS - 1
ER -