Perspectives for the green hydrogen energy-based economy

Hydrogen as an energy vector offers enormous potential compared to other renewable energy routes in the deep decarbonization of industrial sectors. However, globally, developments across the entire hydrogen value chain are still emerging. The specific facets of hydrogen energy, like production, storage, transportation, applications, and policies, are individually evaluated. Nevertheless, a comprehensive viewpoint on the prospects and challenges across the entire hydrogen value chain is essential, and such holistic information is rare. This study addresses the knowledge gap by mapping the potential of the hydrogen economy from an all-rounded perspective. In addition to the advancements in materials, wastewater recycling and the use of microbes or enzymes in electrolysis, offer potential alternative routes to support a hydrogen-based economy. Significant technological advancements are warranted for safe hydrogen transportation and storage. A vast network of refueling stations is essential for hydrogen fuel penetration in the transportation sector, and conducive governing policies are needed to decarbonize heavy industries. Lastly, government incentives are crucial to promote the socioeconomic acceptance of the transition from fossil fuels to green hydrogen.